Immunobiology and pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a non-cytopathic, hepatotropic virus with the potential to trigger a persistent an infection, in the end resulting in cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.
Over the previous 4 many years, the fundamental ideas of HBV gene expression and replication in addition to the viral and host determinants governing an infection end result have been largely uncovered. Whereas HBV seems to induce little or no innate immune activation, the adaptive immune response mediates each viral clearance in addition to liver illness.
Right here, we assessment our present data on the immunobiology and pathogenesis of HBV an infection, focusing specifically on the position of CD8+ T cells and on a number of current breakthroughs that problem present dogmas.
For instance, we now belief that HBV integration into the host genome usually serves as a related supply of hepatitis B floor antigen (HBsAg) expression throughout continual an infection, presumably triggering dysfunctional T cell responses and favouring detrimental immunopathology.
Additional, the distinctive haemodynamics and anatomy of the liver – and the modifications they regularly endure throughout illness development to liver fibrosis and cirrhosis – profoundly affect T cell priming, differentiation and performance.
We additionally focus on why therapeutic approaches that restrict the intrahepatic inflammatory processes triggered by HBV-specific T cells is likely to be surprisingly useful for sufferers with continual an infection.
Schistosomes within the Lung: Immunobiology and Alternative
Schistosome an infection is a significant trigger of world morbidity, significantly in sub-Saharan Africa. Nonetheless, there is no such thing as a efficient vaccine for this main uncared for tropical illness, and re-infection routinely happens after chemotherapeutic therapy. Following invasion via the pores and skin, larval schistosomula enter the circulatory system and migrate via the lung earlier than maturing to maturity within the mesenteric or urogenital vasculature.
Eggs launched from grownup worms can turn into trapped in numerous tissues, with resultant inflammatory responses resulting in hepato-splenic, intestinal, or urogenital illness – processes which have been extensively studied lately.
In distinction, though lung pathology can happen in each the acute and continual phases of schistosomiasis, the mechanisms underlying pulmonary illness are significantly poorly understood. In continual an infection, egg-mediated fibrosis and vascular destruction can result in the formation of portosystemic shunts via which eggs can embolise to the lungs, the place they will set off granulomatous illness.
Acute schistosomiasis, or Katayama syndrome, which is primarily evident in non-endemic people, happens throughout pulmonary larval migration, maturation, and preliminary egg-production, usually involving fever and a cough with an accompanying immune cell infiltrate into the lung. Importantly, lung migrating larvae will not be only a reason behind irritation and pathology however are a key goal for future vaccine design.
Nonetheless, vaccine efforts are hindered by a restricted understanding of what constitutes a protecting immune response to larvae. On this assessment, we discover the present understanding of pulmonary immune responses and inflammatory pathology in schistosomiasis, highlighting necessary unanswered questions and areas for future analysis.
Immunobiology and nanotherapeutics of extreme acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2): a present replace
The emergence of extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) constitutes essentially the most important international public well being problem in a century. It has reignited analysis curiosity in coronavirus.
- Whereas little data is out there, analysis is at the moment in progress to comprehensively perceive the final biology and immune response mechanism in opposition to SARS-CoV-2. The spike proteins (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 carry out a vital operate in viral an infection institution. ACE2 and TMPRSS2 play a pivotal position in viral entry. “
- Upon viral entry, the launched pro-inflammatory proteins (cytokines and chemokines) trigger the migration of the T cells, monocytes, and macrophages to the an infection website.
- IFNϒ launched by T cells initiates a loop of pro-inflammatory suggestions. The inflammatory state might additional improve with a rise in immune dysfunction liable for the an infection’s development.
- A therapy strategy that stops ACE2-mediated viral entry and reduces inflammatory response is a vital therapeutic intervention technique, and nanomaterials and their conjugates are promising candidates. Nanoparticles can inhibit viral entry and replication.
- Nanomaterials have additionally discovered utility in focused drug supply and likewise in growing a vaccine in opposition to SARS-CoV-2. Right here, we briefly summarize the origin, transmission, and medical options of SARS-CoV-2. We then mentioned the immune response mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2.
- Lastly, we additional mentioned nanotechnology’s potentials as an intervention technique in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 an infection. All these understandings will likely be essential in growing therapeutic methods in opposition to SARS-CoV-2.
PD-1 immunobiology in glomerulonephritis and renal cell carcinoma
Background: Programmed cell demise protein (PD)-1 receptors and ligands on immune cells and kidney parenchymal cells assist preserve immunological homeostasis within the kidney. Dysregulated PD-1:PD-L1 binding interactions happen throughout the pathogenesis of glomerulopathies and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The regulation of those molecules within the kidney is necessary to PD-1/PD-L1 immunotherapies that deal with RCC and should induce glomerulopathies as an opposed occasion.
Strategies: The expression and performance of PD-1 molecules on immune and kidney parenchymal cells had been reviewed within the wholesome kidney, PD-1 immunotherapy-induced nephrotoxicity, glomerulopathies and RCC.
Outcomes: PD-1 and/or its ligands are expressed on kidney macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, and renal proximal tubule epithelial cells. Vitamin D3, glutathione and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) regulate hypoxic cell indicators concerned within the expression and performance of PD-1 molecules.
These pathways are altered in kidney illness and are linked to the manufacturing of vascular endothelial development issue, erythropoietin, adiponectin, interleukin (IL)-18, IL-23, and chemokines that bind CXCR3, CXCR4, and/or CXCR7.
These components are differentially produced in glomerulonephritis and RCC and could also be necessary biomarkers in sufferers that obtain PD-1 therapies and/or develop glomerulonephritis as an opposed occasion CONCLUSION: By evaluating the capabilities of the PD-1 axis in glomerulopathies and RCC, we recognized related chemokines concerned within the recruitment of immune cells and distinct mediators in T cell differentiation.
The expression and performance of PD-1 and PD-1 ligands in diseased tissue and significantly on double-negative T cells and parenchymal kidney cells wants continued exploration. The doable regulation of the PD-1 axis by vitamin D3, glutathione and/or AMPK cell indicators could also be necessary to kidney illness and the PD-1 immunotherapeutic response.
 SKOV-3/Luc Cell Line |
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| AKR-232 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
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Description: SKOV-3/Luc Cell Line stably expresses luciferase and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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 MCF-7 cells |
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| C0006008 | Addexbio | One Frozen vial | EUR 455 |
 cDNA from Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF 7 |
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| C1255830 | Biochain | 40 reactions | EUR 376 |
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Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. |
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 Human Mcf-7 Whole Cell Lysate |
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| LYSATE0024 | BosterBio | 200ug | EUR 150 |
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Description: This cell lysate is prepared from human mcf-7 using Boster's RIPA Lysis Buffer (AR0105) using a standard whole cell lysate protocol. The concentration was determined using the BCA assay process and then diluted using Dithiothreitol (DTT) and a reducing SDS sample loading buffer, heated for 5 minutes at 100˚C. |
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 MCF-7 Nuclear Extract |
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| X12002 | EpiGentek | 1000 µg | Ask for price |
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Description: The best epigenetics products |
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 Genomic DNA from Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF 7 |
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| D1255830 | Biochain | 100 ug | EUR 243 |
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Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. |
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 Membrane Protein from Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF 7 |
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| P3255830 | Biochain | 0.1 mg | EUR 285 |
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Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation. |
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 Total Protein from Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF 7 |
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| P1255830 | Biochain | 1 mg | EUR 214 |
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Description: Can be used for various proteomics studies in both normal and pathological cases. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. This product is prepared from whole tissue homogenates and has undergone SDS-PAGE quality control analysis. The protein is stored in a buffer with protease inhibitor cocktail fo prevent degradation. |
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 Total RNA from Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF 7 |
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| R1255830-50 | Biochain | 50 ug | EUR 194 |
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Description: Can be used for various studies in the realm of gene expression and regulation, both normal and pathological. It is an excellent control and suitable for educational purposes. |
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 Paraffin Tissue Section - Human Tumor Cell Line: MCF-7 |
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| T2255830 | Biochain | 5 slides | EUR 257 |
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Description: Our tissue products are produced by strictly following the IRB ethical standards and procedures and from highest quality tissues. Immediately after collection the tissues are placed in liquid nitrogen and examined by certified pathologists. The thickness of each individual section is ~5um. They are Hematoxylin and Eosin stained and quality tested by immunostaining with anti-beta-actin antibodies. Our tissue products are suitable for various studies on cellular level (RNA localization, Protein expression, etc.) on both normal and pathological cases. It is also an excellent control and educational tool. |
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) MCF-7 Nuclear Extract (H2O2) |
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| 1642-100 | Biovision | EUR 207 | |
 Cell Nuclear Extract) Human MCF-7 (breast cancer) Cell Nuclear Extract |
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| HCL-2016 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100ug | EUR 213 |
 Human AsPC1 / Luciferase Cell Line |
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| SC062-Luc | GenTarget | 2 x 106 cell/ml x 1ml | EUR 1500 |
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Description: Firefly luciferase expression stable cell line in Human AsPC1 cells with Puromycin resistance |
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 mouse MOPC315 / Luciferase Cell Line |
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| SC063-Luc | GenTarget | 2 x 106 cell/ml x 1ml | EUR 2225 |
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Description: Firefly luciferase expression stable cell line in mouse MOPC315 cells with Puromycin resistance |
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 stable cell line) A549 / Luciferase (Puromycin) stable cell line |
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| SC043-Luc | GenTarget | 2 x 106 cell/ml x 1ml | EUR 920 |
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Description: Luciferase (firefry) expression stable cell line in A549 human cancer cell line with Puromycin marker. |
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 Cell Line) Human PANC-1 / Luciferase (Puro) Cell Line |
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| SC068-Luc | GenTarget | 2 x 106 cell/ml x 1ml | EUR 2225 |
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Description: Firefly luciferase expression stable cell line in Human PANC-1 cells with Puromycin resistance |
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) MCF-7 Whole Cell Lysate (Human breast adenocarcinoma cells) |
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| MCF7-100 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100 ug | EUR 164 |
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MCF-7 Whole Cell Lysate (Human breast adenocarcinoma cells) |
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| MCF7-50 | Alpha Diagnostics | 50 ug | EUR 128 |
 MCF-7 Human breast cancer, noninvasive cell line: >1x10^10 frozen exosomes |
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| EXOP-100A-1 | SBI | 50 ug | EUR 467 |
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 AAV2-Luc Control Virus |
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| AAV-320 | Cell Biolabs | 50 ?L | EUR 1018 |
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Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 2. |
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 AAV1-Luc Control Virus |
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| AAV-321 | Cell Biolabs | 50 ?L | EUR 1018 |
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Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 1. |
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 AAV3-Luc Control Virus |
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| AAV-323 | Cell Biolabs | 50 ?L | EUR 1018 |
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Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 3. |
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 AAV4-Luc Control Virus |
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| AAV-324 | Cell Biolabs | 50 ?L | EUR 1018 |
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Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 4. |
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 AAV5-Luc Control Virus |
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| AAV-325 | Cell Biolabs | 50 ?L | EUR 1018 |
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Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 5. |
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 AAV6-Luc Control Virus |
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| AAV-326 | Cell Biolabs | 50 ?L | EUR 1018 |
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Description: Luciferase control virus of AAV serotype 6. |
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 MCF-10A |
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| C0006015 | Addexbio | One Frozen vial | EUR 467 |
 Whole Cell Lysate, Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulated) Human MCF-7 (breast cancer) Whole Cell Lysate, Hydrogen Peroxide Stimulated |
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| HCL-2014 | Alpha Diagnostics | 100ug | EUR 213 |
 293AD Cell Line |
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| AD-100 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 461 |
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Description: The 293AD Cell Line is derived from the parental 293 cells but selected for attributes that increase adenovirus production, including firmer attachment and larger surface area. |
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 293AAV Cell Line |
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| AAV-100 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 508 |
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Description: The 293AAV Cell Line is derived from the parental 293 cells but selected for attributes that increase AAV production, including firmer attachment and larger surface area. |
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 293LTV Cell Line |
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| LTV-100 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 508 |
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Description: The 293LTV Cell Line is derived from the parental 293 cells but selected for attributes that increase lentiviral production, including fimrer attachment and larger surface area. |
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 293RTV Cell Line |
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| RV-100 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 508 |
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Description: The 293RTV Cell Line is derived from the parental 293 cells but selected for attributes that increase retroviral production, including fimrer attachment and larger surface area. |
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 293/GFP Cell Line |
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| AKR-200 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
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Description: 293/GFP Cell Line stably expresses GFP and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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 T47D/GFP Cell Line |
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| AKR-208 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
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Description: T47D/GFP Cell Line stably expresses GFP and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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 A549/GFP Cell Line |
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| AKR-209 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
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Description: A549/GFP Cell Line stably expresses GFP and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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 HeLa/GFP Cell Line |
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| AKR-213 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
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Description: HeLa/GFP Cell Line stably expresses GFP and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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 NIH3T3/GFP Cell Line |
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| AKR-214 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
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Description: NIH3T3/GFP Cell Line stably expresses GFP and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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 NIH3T3/Cas9 Cell Line |
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| AKR-5104 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
 293/Cas9 Cell Line |
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| AKR-5110 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
 HeLa/Cas9 Cell Line |
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| AKR-5111 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
 OVCAR-5/RFP Cell Line |
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| AKR-254 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 572 |
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Description: OVCAR-5/RFP Cell Line stably expresses RFP and otherwise exhibits the same characteristics of the parental cell line. |
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 NF-kB/293/GFP-Luc Transcriptional Reporter Cell Line |
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| TR860A-1 | SBI | >2 x 10^6 cells | EUR 3263 |
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 Platinum-E Retroviral Packaging Cell Line, Ecotropic |
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| RV-101 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 920 |
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Description: Conventional cells used for retrovirus packaging, such as those based on NIH3T3 cells, have limited stability and produce relatively low yields of retrovirus, mainly due to the poor expression of retroviral structure proteins (gag, pol and env) in the cells. The Platinum Retroviral Packaging Cell Lines are based on the 293T cell line. They exhibit longer stability and produce higher yields of retroviral structure proteins. Plat-E cells contain gag, pol and env genes, allowing retroviral packaging with a single plasmid transfection. |
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 Platinum-A Retroviral Packaging Cell Line, Amphotropic |
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| RV-102 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 920 |
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Description: Conventional cells used for retrovirus packaging, such as those based on NIH3T3 cells, have limited stability and produce relatively low yields of retrovirus, mainly due to the poor expression of retroviral structure proteins (gag, pol and env) in the cells. The Platinum Retroviral Packaging Cell Lines are based on the 293T cell line. They exhibit longer stability and produce higher yields of retroviral structure proteins. Plat-A cells contain gag, pol and env genes, allowing retroviral packaging with a single plasmid transfection. |
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 Platinum-GP Retroviral Packaging Cell Line, Pantropic |
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| RV-103 | Cell Biolabs | 1 vial | EUR 920 |
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Description: Conventional cells used for retrovirus packaging, such as those based on NIH3T3 cells, have limited stability and produce relatively low yields of retrovirus, mainly due to the poor expression of retroviral structure proteins (gag, pol and env) in the cells. The Platinum Retroviral Packaging Cell Lines are based on the 293T cell line. They exhibit longer stability and produce higher yields of retroviral structure proteins. Plat-GP cells contain the gag and pol genes required for retroviral packaging; an expression vector is co-transfected with a VSVG envelope vector. |
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 pT7- Luc |
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| PVT10670 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pSBE- Luc |
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| PVT10816 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pTRE3G- LUC |
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| PVT10818 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pAP1- Luc |
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| PVT10819 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pHSE- Luc |
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| PVT10820 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pGRE- luc |
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| PVT10821 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pCRE- Luc |
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| PVT10825 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pViperin- Luc |
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| PVT10826 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pTA- Luc |
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| PVT10827 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pTAL- Luc |
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| PVT10829 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pIRF3- Luc |
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| PVT10830 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 p53- Luc |
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| PVT10836 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pBV-Luc |
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| PVT12245 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 703 |
 pMR-Luc |
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| PVT14074 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 703 |
 Total Protein - Murine Embryonic Stem Cell Line D3 |
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| CBA-305 | Cell Biolabs | 500 ?g | EUR 345 |
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Description:
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 Anti-Cytokeratin 7 |
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| DB051RTU-7 | DB Biotech | 7 ml | EUR 204 |
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Description: rabbit monospecific clonal antibodies for ihc-p application; prediluted (ready to use) |
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 Recombinant Human Galectin-7 |
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| 7-00442 | CHI Scientific | 2µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Galectin-7 |
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| 7-00443 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Galectin-7 |
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| 7-00444 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant Human Interleukin-7 |
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| 7-00895 | CHI Scientific | 2µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Interleukin-7 |
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| 7-00896 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Interleukin-7 |
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| 7-00897 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-7 |
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| 7-00904 | CHI Scientific | 2µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-7 |
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| 7-00905 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Mouse Interleukin-7 |
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| 7-00906 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant Human Kallikrein-7 |
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| 7-03034 | CHI Scientific | 2µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Kallikrein-7 |
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| 7-03035 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Kallikrein-7 |
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| 7-03036 | CHI Scientific | 100µg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant ProMatrix Metalloproteinase-7 |
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| 7-03478 | CHI Scientific | 5µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant ProMatrix Metalloproteinase-7 |
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| 7-03479 | CHI Scientific | 20µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant ProMatrix Metalloproteinase-7 |
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| 7-03480 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Individual Reaction Mix 7 |
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| G065-7 | ABM | 200 reactions | EUR 167 |
 lentiviral particles) β-Lactamase (Luciferase) lentiviral particles |
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| LVP335-luc | GenTarget | 1x107 IFU/ml x 200ul | EUR 349 |
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Description: pre-made lentiviral particles expressing β-Lactamase gene. A firefly luciferase marker was expressed under RSV promoter. Particles is provided in DMEM medium with 10% FBS and 60ug/ml of polybrene. |
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 Huamn SW403 / Luciferase Stable Cells |
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| SC067-Luc | GenTarget | 2 x 106 cell/ml x 1ml | EUR 1500 |
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Description: Firefly luciferase expression stable cell line in human SW403 cells with Puromycin resistance |
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 IgK- IFN- luc |
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| PVT10425 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pNFAT- TA- Luc |
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| PVT10808 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pE2F- TA- Luc |
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| PVT10809 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pISRE- TA- Luc |
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| PVT10810 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pGAS- TA- Luc |
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| PVT10811 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pP53- TA- luc |
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| PVT10814 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
 pStat3- TA- luc |
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| PVT10815 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 301 |
- Luc) pHes1 (2.5k)- Luc |
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| PVT10832 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
- luc) pHes1 (467)- luc |
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| PVT10833 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 266 |
 pNF-kB-Luc |
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| PVT1322 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 325 |
 pGL3-ELAM-Luc |
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| PVT14533 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 599 |
 proE-cad178-Luc |
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| PVT14614 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 599 |
 pSynSRE-T-Luc |
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| PVT14626 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 703 |
 pUC57-Tac-Luc |
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| PVT18215 | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 258 |
 p21-Luc Plasmid |
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| PVTB00035-2c | Lifescience Market | 2 ug | EUR 356 |
 Recombinant Human Interleukin-7, Saccharomyces |
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| 7-00898 | CHI Scientific | 2µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Interleukin-7, Saccharomyces |
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| 7-00899 | CHI Scientific | 10µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Interleukin-7, Saccharomyces |
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| 7-00900 | CHI Scientific | 1mg | Ask for price |
 Recombinant Human Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 |
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| 7-03154 | CHI Scientific | 5µg | Ask for price |
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Recombinant Human Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 |
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| 7-03155 | CHI Scientific | 20µg | Ask for price |
